फलकम्:Infobox planet/doc इत्येतस्य स्रोतः दृश्यताम्

{{Documentation subpage}}
{{Hatnote|Other templates redirecting here: '''Infobox Nonstellar body{{·}} Infobox TNO'''}}
{{intricate}}
This template has been designed for the presentation of information on non-stellar astronomical bodies: [[planet]]s (including [[extrasolar planet]]s), [[dwarf planet]]s, [[moon]]s and [[minor planet]]s. Some parameters will not be applicable to individual types; these may be omitted without any problems to the template's function.

== Usage notes ==
* This template expects that the {{tag|references|single}} tag will be present in articles setting the ''minorplanet'' parameter to ''yes''. Pages without a {{tag|references|single}} tag  will show {{color|red|Cite error: There are {{tag|ref|open}} tags on this page for a group named "note", but the references will not show without a  {{tag|ref group&#61;"note"|open}} tag; see Help:Cite errors.}} at the bottom of the page.
* When parameters relating to [[minor planet]]s are used (e.g. ''mp_name''), several subheadings and wikilinks within the template are made specific to minor planets. For standard formulas for computable values and sources of physical data, see [[Template talk:Infobox Nonstellar body#Computed values]] and [[Standard asteroid physical characteristics]].
* The Proper Orbital Element "Proper orbital period" (in Julian Years and Days) is calculated within the template from Proper Mean Motion and so does not require a parameter.
* For bodies orbiting bodies other than the [[Sun]], include the parameter <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><tt>|apsis = ''(appropriate suffix)''</tt></span>. This will replace various parameters' default "-helion" suffix to the suffix set by the ''[[apsis]]'' parameter. For example, setting <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><tt>|apsis = astron</tt></span> converts the labels "perihelion", "aphelion" and "Argument of perihelion" into "periastron", "apastron" and "Argument of periastron" respectively.

== Recommended parameters ==
For a list of all parameters, see [[#All parameters|All parameters]] below.

===Exosolar planets===
{{Infobox planet
|name             = ''name''
|image            = image
|caption          = ''caption''
|apsis            = astron
|discoverer       = ''discoverer''
|discovery_site   = ''discovery_site''
|discovered       = ''discovered''
|discovery_method = ''discovery_method''
|alt_names        = ''alt_names''
|periastron        = ''periastron''
|apoastron         = ''apoastron''
|semimajor        = ''semimajor''
|avg_speed        = ''avg_speed''
|eccentricity     = ''eccentricity''
|period           = ''period''
|inclination      = ''inclination''
|angular_dist     = ''angular_dist''
|long_periastron  = ''long_periastron''
|time_periastron  = ''time_periastron''
|semi-amplitude   = ''semi-amplitude''
|mean_radius      = ''mean_radius''
|surface_area     = ''surface_area''
|volume           = ''volume''
|density          = ''density''
|surface_grav     = ''surface_grav''
|escape_velocity  = ''escape_velocity''
|mass             = ''mass''
|albedo           = ''albedo''
|single_temperature = ''single_temperature''
}}
<pre style="font-size:95%; overflow:auto;">
{{Infobox planet
|name             =   <!--(Common/agreed name)-->
|image            = 
|caption          = 
|apsis            = astron
|discovery_ref    =   <!--(Any appropriate <ref>(s) to append to the name)-->
|discoverer       = 
|discovery_site   = 
|discovered       =   <!--(Date)-->
|discovery_method = 
|alt_names        =   <!--(Any alternative names for the body)-->
|periastron        = 
|apoastron         = 
|semimajor        = 
|avg_speed        =   <!--(Average orbital speed)-->
|eccentricity     = 
|period           =   <!--(Orbital period)-->
|inclination      = 
|angular_dist     = 
|long_periastron  =   <!--(Longitude of periastron)-->
|time_periastron  =   <!--(Time of periastron)-->
|semi-amplitude   = 
|mean_radius      = 
|surface_area     = 
|volume           = 
|density          = 
|mass             = 
|surface_grav     =   <!--Equatorial surface gravity-->
|escape_velocity  = 
|albedo           = 
|single_temperature = 
}}
</pre>
{{clear}}

===Minor planets===
{{Infobox planet
|width           = 21em
|name            = ''name''
|symbol          = ''symbol''
|background      = #FFFFC0
|image           = image
|caption         = ''caption''
|discovery_ref   = <ref>''discovery_ref''</ref>
|discoverer      = ''discoverer''
|discovered      = ''discovered''
|discovery_site  = ''discovery site''
|mp_name         = ''mp_name''
|mp_category     = ''mp_category''
|alt_names       = ''alt_names''
|orbit_ref       = <ref>''orbit_ref''</ref>
|epoch           = ''epoch''
|aphelion        = ''aphelion''
|perihelion      = ''perihelion''
|semimajor       = ''semimajor''
|eccentricity    = ''eccentricity''
|period          = ''period''
|avg_speed       = ''avg_speed''
|inclination     = ''inclination''
|mean_anomaly    = ''mean_anomaly''
|asc_node        = ''asc_node''
|arg_peri        = ''arg_peri''
|p_orbit_ref     = <ref>''p_orbit_ref''</ref>
|p_semimajor     = ''p_semi_major''
|p_eccentricity  = ''p_eccentricity''
|p_inclination   = ''p_inclination''
|p_mean_motion   = 360
|perihelion_rate = ''perihelion_rate'' 
|node_rate       = ''node_rate''
|satellites      = ''satellites''
|dimensions      = ''dimensions''
|mass            = ''mass''
|density         = ''density''
|surface_grav    = ''surface_grav''
|escape_velocity = ''escape_velocity''
|sidereal_day    = ''sidereal_day''
|axial_tilt      = ''axial_tilt''
|pole_ecliptic_lat = ''pole_ecliptic_lat''
|pole_ecliptic_lon = ''pole_ecliptic_lon''
|albedo          = ''albedo''
|temp_name1      = [[Kelvin]]
|mean_temp_1     = 150
|max_temp_1      = 200
|temp_name2      = Celsius
|max_temp_2      = -73
|spectral_type   = ''spectral_type''
|abs_magnitude   = ''abs_magnitude''
}}
<pre style="font-size:95%; overflow:auto;">
{{Infobox planet
|width           = 25em
|name            = 
|symbol          = 
|background      = #FFFFC0
|image           = 
|caption         = 
|discovery_ref   = <ref>....</ref>
|discoverer      = 
|discovered      = 
|discovery_site   = ''discovery_site''
|mp_name         =   <!--(Minor planet name)-->
|mp_category     =   <!--(Minor planet category)-->
|alt_names       =   <!--(Alternative names)-->
|orbit_ref       = <ref> Osculating Orbital Elements </ref>
|epoch           = 
|aphelion        = 
|perihelion      = 
|semimajor       = 
|eccentricity    = 
|period          = 
|avg_speed       =   <!--(Average orbital speed)-->
|inclination     = 
|asc_node        =   <!--(Longitude of ascending node)-->
|mean_anomaly    = 
|arg_peri        =   <!--(Argument of perihelion)-->
|p_orbit_ref     = <ref> Proper Orbital Elements </ref>
|p_semimajor     =
|p_eccentricity  =
|p_inclination   =
|p_mean_motion   =   <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)-->
|perihelion_rate =   <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)-->
|node_rate       =   <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)-->
|satellites      = 
|dimensions      = 
|mass            = 
|density         = 
|surface_grav    =   <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)-->
|escape_velocity = 
|sidereal_day    = 
|axial_tilt      = 
|pole_ecliptic_lat =   <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)-->
|pole_ecliptic_lon =   <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)-->
|albedo          = 
|temp_name1      = 
|mean_temp_1     = 
|max_temp_1      = 
|temp_name2      = 
|max_temp_2      = 
|spectral_type   = 
|abs_magnitude   =   <!--(Absolute magnitude)-->
}}
</pre>

See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomical objects/Infoboxes#Minor planets (asteroids, comets, Kuiperoids, etc.)|here]] for <!--conventions regarding the use of this template--> means of semi-automating this template's transclusion as regards minor planets.
* For satellites of minor planets, include the parameter <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><tt>|apsis = astron</tt></span> (see [[#Usage notes|above]]).
{{clear}}

== Notes on usage ==

:'' From [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomical objects/Infoboxes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Astronomical_objects/Infoboxes&oldid=103699162]''

{| style="margin-left: 1em; float: right; border: 1px solid #CCC;"
|+'''Body name'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#000000" colspan=2 | <font size="-1" color="#ffffff">[image of object]</font>
|-
! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2" | Discovery
|-
! align="left" | Discovered by
| ___name___
|-
! align="left" | Discovered on
| ___date___
|-
! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2" | [[Orbit]]al characteristics ([[Epoch (astronomy)|Epoch]] J2000)
|-
! align="left" | [[Semi-major axis]]
| km<br>([[astronomical unit|AU]])
|-
! align="left" | Orbital [[circumference]]
| Tm (AU)
|-
! align="left" | [[Eccentricity (orbit)|Eccentricity]]
| number
|-
! align="left" | [[Perihelion]]
| km (AU)
|-
! align="left" | [[Aphelion]]
| km (AU)
|-
! align="left" | [[Orbital period]]
| [[day|d]]<br/>(other units, such as [[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian yr]])
|-
! align="left" | [[Synodic period]]
| d ([[Julian year (astronomy)|a]])<br/>(w/respect to Earth)
|-
! align="left" | [[Avg. orbital speed]]
| km/s
|-
! align="left" | Max. orbital speed
| km/s
|-
! align="left" | Min. orbital speed
| km/s
|-
! align="left" | [[Inclination]] (to [[Ecliptic]])
| °<br>(° to [[Sun]]'s equator)
|-
! align="left" | [[Longitude of the ascending node|Longitude of the<br/> ascending node]]
| decimal ° (° ' ")
|-
! align="left" | [[Argument of the perihelion|Argument of the<br/> perihelion]]
| decimal ° (° ' ")
|-
! align="left" | [[natural satellite|Satellite]]s
| number
|-
! align="left" | [[natural satellite|Satellite]] of
| planet (only for Moons)
|-
! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2" | [[Proper orbital elements]]
|-
! align="left" | Proper [[semi-major axis]]
| [[astronomical unit|AU]]
|-
! align="left" | Proper [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]]
| number
|-
! align="left" | Proper [[inclination]]
| °
|-
! align="left" | Proper [[mean motion]]
| [[deg]]/[[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian yr]]
|-
! align="left" | Proper [[orbital period]]
| Calculated by template in<br>[[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian yrs]] and [[day]]s
|-
! align="left" | Precession of<br/>[[Apsis|perihelion]]
| [[Arcsecond|arcsec]]/[[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian yr]]
|-
! align="left" | Precession of the<br/>[[Longitude of the ascending node|ascending node]]
| [[Arcsecond|arcsec]]/[[Julian year (astronomy)|Julian yr]]
|-
! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2" | Physical characteristics
|-
! align="left" | Mean diameter
| km<br/>(axis × axis × axis for ellipsoids)
|-
! align="left" | Equatorial diameter
| km (Earth units)
|-
! align="left" | Polar diameter
| km (Earth units)
|-
! align="left" | [[Oblateness]]
| number
|-
! align="left" | Surface area
| km<sup>2</sup> (Earth units)
|-
! align="left" | Volume
| km<sup>3</sup> (Earth units)
|-
! align="left" | Mass
| kg (Earth units)
|-
! align="left" | Mean density
| g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|-
! align="left" | Surface gravity
| [[Acceleration|m/s<sup>2</sup>]] (gees)
|-
! align="left" | [[Escape velocity]]
| km/s
|-
! align="left" | [[Sidereal day|Rotation period]]
| d ([[hour|h]])
|-
! align="left" | Rotation velocity
| km/h (m/s) (at the equator)
|-
! align="left" | [[Obliquity]]
| °
|-
! align="left" | [[Right ascension]]<br />of North pole
| ° (h min s)
|-
! align="left" | [[Declination]]
| °
|-
! align="left" | [[Albedo]]
| number
|-
! align="left" | Surface temperature
|
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"
|-
! min !! mean !! max
|-
| nnn [[kelvin|K]]
| nnn K ||nnn K
|}
|-
! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2" | [[celestial body atmosphere|Atmospheric]] characteristics
|-
! align="left" | Pressure
| [[Pascal (unit)|kPa]]
|-
| most common
| %
|-
| next-most-common
| %
|-
| etcetera
| %
|}
Most of these entries should be measured in [[SI]] units. Some of them, however, should have more "human-accessible" units, in addition to SI units: several such cases are indicated with a second unit name in brackets. In the case of times (orbital periods, rotation), it is best to give all periods in days for comparison purposes, and provide a translation (in parentheses) into years, days, hours, etc.; whatever is most appropriate for the duration being described.

Compared to table templates for things like the [[Chemical element|elements]], this template should be considered somewhat more flexible. Moons with no atmosphere whatsoever could skip the atmospheric composition section entirely, for example (though atmospheric density would still be listed). Moons also wouldn't have their orbital radii listed in AU, since AUs are such large units. For planets, use "perihelion" and "aphelion" instead of "periapsis" and "apoapsis."

In the case of "number of moons" and "is a moon of", only one of these rows will be used by any given object. There aren't any moons with moons (yet), though perhaps "co-orbital with" might be a useful row to add in a few cases.

A set of colours for use in the 2-column headers of this table:

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
|-
! bgcolor="#ffc0c0" align="left" | rocky terrestrial body
|Transition metal color from the [[periodic table]]; rocky planets have lots of metals compared to the icy ones. Also, red is a "warmer" color than green, which fits the distribution of rocky and icy planets in the solar system.
|-
! bgcolor="#a0ffa0" align="left" | icy terrestrial body
|green contrasts nicely with the pink of rocky planets. Also, on the periodic table, it's the color of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and other common components of outer-solar-system ice.
|-
! bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="left" | gas giant body
|blue skies, and noble gases on the periodic table (including helium, which is only found in large quantities on gas giants. It escapes from smaller planets). Also, two out of four gas giants prefer the cool soothing color of blue.
|}

'''On orbital characteristics:''' The orbital circumference should be computed from the semi-major axis using [[Ellipse#Circumference|Ramanujan's approximation]] for ellipses. The ratio of that circumference to the period then gives the average orbital speed. The minimum and maximum speeds follow from Kepler's laws: <math>v_{max} = 2\pi a^2 \frac{\sqrt{1-e^2}}{T a (1-e)}</math> and <math>v_{min} = 2\pi a^2 \frac{\sqrt{1-e^2}}{T a (1+e)}</math>. Note that, by convention, all orbital parameters are given in the primocentric reference system (heliocentric for the planets).

'''On proper orbital elements:''' The formulae used by the template to convert from proper mean motion to proper orbital motion are:<br/>O<sub>years</sub> = 360 / M &nbsp; and<br/>O<sub>days</sub> = 365.25 x O<sub>years</sub>

'''On physical characteristics:''' The surface area and volume of non-spherical objects (e.g. moonlets, asteroids) must use the proper [[ellipsoid]] formulae, because even slight departures from sphericity will make a large difference, particularly for the area.

'''On the subject of obliquity:''' [[Obliquity]] is the angle between the object's axis of rotation and the normal to the plane of its orbit. Do not confuse this with the Tilt listed in the JPL pages, which is a measure of the angle between the local [[Laplace plane]] and the primary's equatorial plane. In fact, most inner moons have [[synchronous rotation]]s, so their obliquities will be, by definition, zero. Outer moons simply have not been seen from close up enough to determine their true obliquities (although [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]], recently seen by the [[Cassini probe]], is an exception; see [[Talk:Phoebe (moon)]] for the derivation of its obliquity).

===All parameters===
<pre style="font-size:95%; overflow:auto;">
{{Infobox planet
|width                =   <!--(Best given in font-proportional units such as 'em')-->
|name                 = 
|symbol               =   <!--([[Image:...]])-->
|background           = 
|image                =   <!--([[Image:...]])-->
|caption              = 
|apsis                = 
|discovery_ref        = <ref>...</ref>
|discoverer           = 
|discovery_site       = 
|discovered           = 
|discovery_method     = 
|mp_name              = 
|pronounce            =
|named_after          =
|mp_category          = 
|alt_names            = 
|orbit_ref            = <ref> Osculating Orbital Elements </ref>
|epoch                = 
|aphelion             = 
|perihelion           = 
|periastron           = 
|apoastron            = 
|periapsis            = 
|apoapsis             = 
|semimajor            = 
|mean_orbit_radius    = 
|eccentricity         = 
|period               = 
|synodic_period       = 
|avg_speed            =   <!--(Average orbital speed)-->
|mean_anomaly         = 
|inclination          =
|angular_dist         =   <!--(Angular distance)-->
|asc_node             =   <!--(Longitude of ascending node)-->
|long_periastron      =   <!--(Longitude of periastron)-->
|time_periastron      =   <!--(Time of periastron)-->
|arg_peri             =   <!--(Argument of peri[helion/astron/...])-->
|semi-amplitude       = 
|p_orbit_ref          = <ref> Proper Orbital Elements </ref>
|p_semimajor          =
|p_eccentricity       =
|p_inclination        =
|p_mean_motion        =   <!--(Proper orbital mean motion)-->
|perihelion_rate      =   <!--(Proper perihelic precession rate)-->
|node_rate            =   <!--(Proper nodal precession rate)-->
|satellite_of         = 
|satellites           = 
|dimensions           = 
|flattening           = 
|equatorial_radius    = 
|polar_radius         = 
|mean_radius          = 
|circumference        = 
|surface_area         = 
|volume               = 
|mass                 = 
|density              = 
|surface_grav         =   <!--(Equatorial surface gravity)-->
|escape_velocity      = 
|sidereal_day         = 
|rot_velocity         =   <!--(Rotational velocity)-->
|axial_tilt           = 
|right_asc_north_pole =   <!--(North pole right ascension)-->
|declination          =   <!--(North pole declination)-->
|pole_ecliptic_lat    =   <!--(Pole ecliptic latitude)-->
|pole_ecliptic_lon    =   <!--(Pole ecliptic longitude)-->
|albedo               = 
|single_temperature   = 
|temp_name1           = 
|min_temp_1           = 
|mean_temp_1          = 
|max_temp_1           = 
|temp_name2           = 
|min_temp_2           = 
|mean_temp_2          = 
|max_temp_2           = 
|spectral_type        = 
|magnitude            =   <!--(Apparent magnitude)-->
|abs_magnitude        =   <!--(Absolute magnitude)-->
|angular_size         = 
|pronounce            = {{IPA-en|<!-- IPA string -->|}}
|adjectives           = 
|atmosphere_ref       = <ref>...</ref>
|surface_pressure     = 
|scale_height         = 
|atmosphere_composition = 
}}
</pre>

{{clear}}

== Computed values ==

This section documents how some minor planet parameters may be computed when they're not directly measured. More detail can be found in [[Standard asteroid physical characteristics]]. <!-- In particular, this is how [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomical objects/Infoboxes#Minor planets (asteroids, comets, Kuiperoids, etc.)|AstOrb Browser]] computes these values. -->

===Average orbital speed===
This is very simply the orbital circumference divided by the orbital period. 

The exact [[circumference]] of an ellipse is <math>4 a E(e)</math>,
where ''a'' is the [[semi-major axis]], ''e'' the [[eccentricity]], and the function ''E'' is the complete [[elliptic integral]] of the [[Elliptic integral#Complete elliptic integral of the second kind|second kind]]. This gives 
:<math>
v_o = \frac{4 a E(e)}{T}
</math>
''E'' is close to <math> \pi / 2</math> when ''e'' is small.  

An approximation using a [[taylor series]] expansion is 
:<math>
v_o = \frac{2\pi a}{T}\left[1-\frac{e^2}{4}-\frac{3e^4}{64} - \dots \right]
</math>

[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Astronomical objects/Infoboxes#Minor planets (asteroids, comets, Kuiperoids, etc.)|AstOrb Browser]] computes a velocity using [[Srinivasa Ramanujan|Ramanujan]]'s approximation for an [[Ellipse#Circumference|ellipse's circumference]]:
:<math>v_o \approx \frac{\pi}{T} \left[3(a+b) - \sqrt{(3a+b)(a+3b)}\right] </math>
Where ''b'' is the orbit's [[semi-minor axis]]:
:<math>b = a \sqrt{1-e^2}\,\!</math>

=== Surface gravity ===
{{मुख्यलेखः|Surface gravity}}
For a ''spherical'' body of mass ''m'', and radius ''r'', the [[gravitational acceleration]] at the surface , is given by 

:<math>g_{\rm spherical} = \frac{GM}{r^2}\,\!</math>

Where ''G'' = 6.6742{{e|&minus;11}} m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−2</sup>kg<sup>−1</sup> is the [[Gravitational constant]], ''M'' is the mass of the body, and ''r'' its radius. This value is very approximate, as most minor planets are far from spherical.

For ''irregularly shaped bodies'', the surface gravity will differ appreciably with location. However, at the outermost point/s, where the distance to the [[centre of mass]] is the greatest, the surface gravity is still given by a simple formula, a slightly modified version of the above that uses the largest radius <math>r_{\rm max}</math>

:<math>g_{\rm outer} = \frac{GM}{r_{\rm max}^2}\,.\!</math>

because all the body's mass is contained within this radius. 

On a ''rotating body'', the apparent weight experienced by an object on the surface is reduced by the [[centrifugal force]], when one is away from the poles. The centrifugal acceleration experienced at the equator is

:<math>g_{\rm centrifugal} = -\left(\frac{2\pi}{T}\right)^2 r_{\rm eq}</math>

where ''T'' is the rotation period in seconds, and <math>r_{\rm eq}</math> is the equatorial radius (usually also the maximum radius used above). The negative sign indicates that it acts in the opposite direction to the gravitational acceleration ''g''.

The ''effective surface gravity at the equator'' is then

:<math> g_{\rm effective} \approx g_{\rm gravitational} + g_{\rm centrifugal}
= g_{\rm gravitational} - |g_{\rm centrifugal}|\ .</math>

=== Escape velocity ===
For surface gravity ''g'' and radius ''r'', the escape velocity is:
:<math>v_e = \sqrt{2gr}</math>

This value is much less sensitive to the factors affecting the surface gravity, mentioned above.

=== Temperature ===
For asteroid albedo ''&alpha;'', semimajor axis ''a'', [[solar luminosity]] ''<math>L_0</math>'', and asteroid [[infrared]] emissivity ''&epsilon;'' (usually taken to be ~0.9), the approximate mean temperature ''T'' is given by:
:<math>T = \left ( \frac{(1 - \alpha) L_0}{\epsilon \sigma 16 \pi a^2} \right )^{\frac{1}{4}}</math>

Where ''&sigma;'' is [[Stefan-Boltzmann constant]]. See also {{cite book 
 | author=Torrence V. Johnson, Paul R. Weissman, Lucy-Ann A. McFadden
 | year=2007 | title=Encyclopedia of the Solar System
 | pages=294 | publisher=Elsevier
 | isbn=0120885891 }}.

== Microformat ==
{{UF-hcard-place}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

<includeonly>
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[[Category:Astronomy infobox templates|Planet]]

<!-- ADD INTERWIKIS BELOW THIS LINE -->
[[als:Vorlage:Infobox Planet]]
[[ar:قالب:كوكب]]
[[id:Templat:Infobox planet]]
[[lv:Veidne:Infokaste planēta]]
[[no:Mal:Infoboks planet]]
[[zh:Template:Infobox planet]]
</includeonly>